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Solidarity Collective action
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Analysis

Forty years of hope: Solidarity’s first congress

On 7 October 1981, Poland’s Solidarity union adopted its programme for a self-governing republic. In this 2021 article, Pavel Kudyukin and Stepan Yarik revisit workers’ self-management, debates within the union and hopes for democratic change.

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30 Aug 2026
Analysis

Irena Krzywicka, a writer and feminist activist, had noted, a few years before World War II, that “the eastern borders had always been, in a sense, colonies of Poland”—but who reads her today?

Irena Krzywicka, a writer and feminist activist, had noted, a few years before World War II, that “the eastern borders had always been, in a sense, colonies of Poland”—but who reads her today? A Nation-State in a Multinational Territory Just like his contemporary, the anthropologist Józef Obrębsk…

Author: Jean Batou Source: marx21.ch
Zbigniew Kowalewski Poland Ukraine
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